Pages: 325-378

The paper discusses peoples who lived on the territory of Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde in 13th—14th centuries, which can be proven by archaeological sources. Thus, these data suggest that along with the Bulgar this territory was populated by the Russians, Mordvins, Mari, Armenians, and part of this territory was occupied by the Kipchaks and, probably, by the Mongols, who settled there after their military raids. All these peoples closely interacted between themselves. At the same time, there were also some small local ethnic groups, such as the Permians and the Udmurts, who managed to preserve their identity. As a whole, Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde was multiethnic, which continued the tradition formed before the Mongol invasion.

Keywords: Middle Volga Region, Volga Bulgaria, Golden Horde period, historical geography, ethnic composition

Information about author:

Konstantin Rudenko. Doctor of Historical Sciences. Kazan State Institute of Culture. Orenburgsky Trakt St., 3, Kazan, 420059, Russian Federation.
E-mail: [email protected]