Pages: 209-221 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.55086/sp245209221

Byzantium often waged wars with military associations of nomads and Muslim states. In the 11-th century, the empire faced a new type of political entity, which was a supra-tribal nomadic confederation and a sultanate at the same time. The Seljuk supra-tribal confederation included autonomous Turkmen groups that, for a century, constantly invaded Byzantine Anatolia (Rum) and were able to establish emirates of Kutlumysh, Danishmend, Çaka, and Baladukiya. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the formation of the Rum emirates is considered from the standpoint of the theory of nomadism.

Keywords: Malik Shah, Alexios Komnenos, Artuk, Nawakiya, Diyar Bakr, kyshla, yaylak, clan

Information about authors:

German Lytvynov (Kyiv, Ukraine). Master. Independent researcher.
E-mail: [email protected]

Yaroslav Pylypchuk (Baku, Azerbaijan). Doctor of Historical Sciences. Western Caspian University. 31 Istiglaliyyat, Baku 1001, Azerbaijan
E-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-9809-3166

Ivan Drobot (Kyiv, Ukraine). Doctor of Historical Sciences. Ukrainian State Drahomanov University. Pyrohova St, 9, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
E-mail: [email protected]